Review Article
Received: 2023-07-20 | Revised:2023-09-02 | Accepted: 2023-09-16 | Published: 2023-09-30
Pages: 20-29
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58985/jeopc.2024.v02i01.36
Abstract
Patchouli is a major herb that
is widely used in the pharmaceutical and fragrance sectors. It is used in
traditional medical practices to treat a variety of ailments, including
influenza, headaches, a high fever, gastrointestinal discomfort, vomiting,
diarrhea, and insect and snake bites. Within aromatherapy, patchouli oil is
used to increase sexual desire and to lower stress, despair, and nervous
tension. Patchouli oil is still often extracted using conventional techniques
that require a lot of time and solvents. Previous investigations served as the
basis for this study, which compared the process of extraction of patchouli oil
using the techniques of microwave-assisted hydro-distillation and
hydro-distillation. Comparisons were made on the basis of extraction time,
power, solvents, and the final yield of oil. From these comparisons, we
conclude that microwave-assisted hydro-distillation is a suitable method as a
new green technology because it requires a shorter extraction time, a small
amount of solvents, a small amount of energy, a high oil yield, a low cost, and
is environmentally friendly.
Keywords
Patchouli oil, microwave-assisted
hydro-distillation (MAHD), hydro-distillation (HD), extraction.
References
1.
Soh, S.H.; Agarwal, S.;
Jayaraman, S.; Tham, M.T.; A study of essential oil extraction and antioxidant
activity of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin)
using supercritical carbon dioxide. on12, 2018, 1–5, 8–15.
2.
Fahmi, Z.M.; Rohman, A.
Attenuated total reflectance-FTIR spectra combined with multivariate
calibration and discrimination analysis for analysis of patchouli oil
adulteration. Indonesian J. Chem. 2020, 20, 1–8.
3.
Srivastava, S.; Lal,
R.K.; Singh, V.R.; et al. Chemical investigation and biological activities of
Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco)
Benth) essential oil. Ind. Crops Prod. 2022, 188, 115504.
4.
Tariq, S.; Wani, S.;
Rasool, W.; et al. A comprehensive review of the antibacterial, antifungal and
antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents against
drug-resistant microbial pathogens. Microb. Pathogen. 2019, 134, 103580.
5.
Rassem, H.H.A.; Nour,
A.H.; Yunus, R.M. Techniques for extraction of essential oils from plants: a
review. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci, 2016, 10, 117–127.
6.
Milazzo, N.; Lorenzo,
S.; Paternostro, M.; Palma, G.M. Role of information backflow in the emergence
of quantum Darwinism. Phys. Rev. A. 2019, 100, 1612–1616.
7.
Wang, X.; Chen, X.; Li,
J.; et al., Global analysis of lysine succinylation in patchouli plant leaves.
Hort. Res. 2019, 6.
8.
Lima, S.L.; Brandão,
L.B.; Pena da Costa, A.L.; et al., Bioinsecticidal and pharmacological
activities of the essential oil of Pogostemon
cablin Benth Leaves: A Review. Pharmacog. Rev. 2022, 16, 139–145.
9.
Pandey, S.K.; Sarma,
N.; Begum, T.; Lal, M. Standardization of different drying methods of fresh
Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) leaves
for high essential oil yield and quality. J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants. 2020,
484–492.
10.
Kusuma, H.S.; Mahfud,
M. GC-MS analysis of essential oil of Pogostemon
cablin growing in Indonesia extracted by microwave-assisted
hydrodistillation. Int. Food Res. J. 2017, 24, 1525–1528.
11.
Kusuma, H.S.; Altway,
A.; Mahfud, M. Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from dried
patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth)
leaves. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2018, 58, 343–348.
12.
Jain, P.L.B.;
Srivastav, S.; Patel, S.R.; Desai, M.A. Synergetic effect of ultrasound and
hydrodistillation for extraction of patchouli oil: Screening, optimization and
comparison. Chem. Eng. Proc.- Proc. Intensification. 2022, 179, 109079.
13.
Murugan, K.; Pradeep,
D.P.; Physiochemical characterisation of essential oils from Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.F.)
Kuntze. and P. cablin (Blanco) Benth.
World J. Pharm. Res. 2019, 8, 559–568.
14.
Soh, S.H.; Jain, A.;
Lee, L.Y.; Jayaraman, S. Optimized extraction of patchouli essential oil from Pogostemon cablin Benth. with
supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Appl. Res. Med. Arom. Plants. 2020, 19.
15.
Putri, D.K.Y.; Kusuma,
H.S.; Syahputra, M.E.; Parasandi, D.; Mahfud, M. The extraction of essential
oil from patchouli leaves (Pogostemon
cablin, Benth) using microwave hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave
extraction methods. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 2017, 101.
16.
Muhammad, S.; Abdul
Khalil, H.P.S.; Abd Hamid, S.; et al., Characterization of bioactive compounds
from Patchouli extracted via supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction.
Molecules. 2022, 27, 1–14.
17.
Soh, S.H.; Lee, L.Y.
Mathematical modeling of mass transfer in supercritical fluid extraction of
patchouli oil. Eng Rep. 2019, 1–11.
18.
Suhesti, S.;
Susilowati, M.; Sirait, N.; Amalia, Hadipoentyanti, E. Morphological variations
of patchouli putative mutants. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 2020, 418.
19.
Ermaya, D.; Sari, S.P.;
Patria, A.; Hidayat, F.; Razi, F. Identification of Patchouli oil chemical
components as the results on distillation using GC-MS. In IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth
Environ. Sci. Institute of Physics Publishing, 2019.
20.
Sufriadi, E.; Meilina,
H.; Munawar, A.A.; Muhammad, S.; Idroes, R.; Identification of β-caryophyllene
(BCP) in Aceh patchouli essential oil (PEO) using gas chromatography-mass
pectrophotometry (GC-MS). IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 2021, 667.
21.
Shah, K.A.; Bhatt,
D.R.; Desai, M.A.; Jadeja, G.C.; Parikh, J.K.; Extraction of essential oil from
patchouli leaves using hydrodistillation: Parametric studies and optimization.
Ind. J. Chem. Technol. 2017, 24, 405–410.
22.
Leong, W.; Huang, G.,
Khan, I., et al., Patchouli essential oil and its derived compounds revealed
prebiotic-like effects in C57BL/6J mice. Front. Pharmacol. 2019, 10, 1–11.
23.
Lee, H.S.; Lee, J.;
Smolensky, D. Lee, S.H. Potential benefits of patchouli alcohol in prevention
of human diseases: A mechanistic review. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2020, 89,
107056.
24.
Rincón, E.; Balu, A.M.;
Luque, R.; Serrano, L. Mechanochemical extraction of antioxidant phenolic
compounds from Mediterranean and medicinal Laurus
nobilis: A comparative study with other traditional and green novel
techniques. Ind. Crops Prod. 2019, 141, 111805.
25.
Luque de Castro, M.D.;
Priego-Capote, F.; Soxhlet extraction: Past and present panacea. J. Chromatog.
A. 2010, 1217, 2383–2389.
26.
Alara, O.R.;
Abdurahman, N.H.; Ukaegbu, C.I. Soxhlet extraction of phenolic compounds from Vernonia cinerea leaves and its
antioxidant activity. J. Appl. Res. Med. Arom. Plants. 2018, 11, 12–17.
27.
Ramya, H.G.;
Palanimuthu, V.; Rachna, S.; An introduction to patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.)-A medicinal and aromatic plant: It’s
importance to mankind. Agric. Eng. Int. CIGR J.
2013. 15, 243.
28.
Alvi, T.; Asif, Z.;
Iqbal Khan, M.K., Clean label extraction of bioactive compounds from food waste
through microwave-assisted extraction technique-A review. Food Biosci. 2022,
46, 101580.
29.
Kusuma, H.S.; Mahfud,
M. Comparison of kinetic models of oil extraction from sandalwood by
microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. Int. Food Res. J. 2017, 24.
30.
Alara, O.R.;
Abdurahman, N.H.; Ali, H.A.; Zain, N.M.; Microwave-assisted extraction of
phenolic compounds from Carica papaya
leaves: An optimization study and LC-QTOF-MS analysis. Future Foods. 2021, 3.
31.
Sundarajan, S.;
Abdurahman, N.H.; Chemical compound characterizations of Patchouli leaf extract
via GC-MS, LC-QTOF-MS, FTIR, and 1H NMR. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 2019, 8,
1054–1059.
32.
Kusuma, H.S.; Altway,
A.; Mahfud, M. Alternative to conventional extraction of vetiver oil: Microwave
hydrodistillation of essential oil from vetiver roots (Vetiveria zizanioides). IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Envir. Sci. 2017,
101.
33.
Samadi, M.; Abidin,
Z.Z.; Yunus, R.; Awang Biak, D.R.; Yoshida, H.; Lok, E.H. Assessing the kinetic
model of hydro-distillation and chemical composition of Aquilaria malaccensis leaves essential oil. Chinese J. Chem. Eng.
2017, 25, 216–222.
34.
Shang, A.; Gan, R.,
Zhang, J.; et al., Essential oils from Cinnamomum
camphora leaf and recovery of polyphenols from extract fluid. Molecules.
2020, 25, 1–17.
35.
Alara, O.R.; Abdurahman,
N.H. GC–MS and FTIR analyses of oils from Hibiscus
sabdariffa, Stigma maydis and Chromolaena odorata leaf obtained from
Malaysia: Potential sources of fatty acids. Chem. Data Coll. 2019, 20, 100200.
36.
Rassem, H.H.; Nour,
A.H.; Mohammed Yunus, R. Gc-Ms analysis of bioactive constituents of Jasmine
flower. J. Chem. Eng. Ind. Biotechnol. 2018, 4, 52–59.
37.
Rassem, H.H.A.; Nour,
A.H.; Ali, G.A.M.; et al., Essential oil from Hibiscus Flowers through advanced
microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and conventional hydrodistillation. J.
Chem. 2022, 1–10.
38.
Mollaei, S.; Sedighi,
F.; Habibi, B.; Hazrati, S.; Asgharian, P.; Extraction of essential oils of Ferulago angulata with
microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. Ind. Crops Prod. 2019, 137, 43–51.
39.
Hamidi, N., Extraction
of essential oils from Patchouli plant using advanced techniques of
microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 2016, 11,
1819–6608.
40.
Abdurahman, N.H.;
Sundarajan, S.; Characterization of bioactive compounds extracted from
patchouli: Comparing microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and hydrodistillation
methods. IOP Conf. Ser. Mat. Sci. Eng. 2019, 702.
41.
Akbari, S.; Abdurahman,
N.H.; Yunus, R.M.; Alsaggaf, A.H.A.; Ahmed, N. LC-QTOF-MS analysis of phenolics
and saponins extracted from Aloe vera leaves via microwave technology in
optimal condition. South Afr. J. Bot. 2021, 139, 362–373.
42.
Dao, T.P.; Tran, T.H.;
Nguyen, P.T.N.; et al., Optimization of microwave assisted hydrodistillation of
essential oil from lemon (Citrus
aurantifolia) leaves: Response surface methodology studies. IOP Conf. Ser.:
Mat. Sci. Eng. 2020, 736.
43.
Beyecha H.K.; Aga
Bullo, T.; Mekonnen Bayisa, Y.; Abdissa Akuma, D.; Seid Bultum, M. Optimization
of microwave-assisted hydro-distillation essential oil extracted from Rumex crispus
leaves using definitive screening design. Arab. J. Chem. 2023, 16, 104665.
44.
Swamy, M.K.; Sinniah,
U.R. A comprehensive review on the phytochemical constituents and
pharmacological activities of Pogostemon
cablin Benth.: an aromatic medicinal plant of industrial importance.
Molecules. 2015, 20, 8521–8547.
45.
Zhang, Z.; Chen, X.;
Chen, H. et al., Anti-inflammatory activity of β-patchoulene isolated from
patchouli oil in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2016, 781, 229–238.
46.
Widyasanti, A.;
Nurjanah, S.; Nurhadi, B.; Osman, C.P. Isolation of guaiene from crude and
distillate patchouli oil extracted by molecular distillation. IOP Conf. Ser.:
Earth Environ. Sci. 2021, 924.
47.
Kusuma, H.S.
Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation for extraction of essential oil from
Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) leaves. Int. J. Environ. Poll.
2017, 61, 82–92.
48.
van Beek, T.A.;
Joulain, D. The essential oil of patchouli, Pogostemon
cablin: A review. Flav. Fragr. J. 2018, 33, 6–51.
49.
Srivastava, S.; Lal,
R.K.; Singh, V.R.; et al., Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation for extraction
of essential oil from Patchouli (Pogostemon
cablin) leaves. In IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Env. Sci. 2017, 82–92.
50.
Xiong, K.; Chen, Y.;
Shen, S. Experimental optimization and mathematical modeling of supercritical
carbon dioxide extraction of essential oil from Pogostemon cablin. Chinese J. Chem. Eng. 2019, 27, 2407–2417.
51.
Soh, S.H.; Jain, A.;
Lee, L.Y.; Chin, S.K.; Yin, C.Y.; Jayaraman, S. Techno-economic and
profitability analysis of extraction of patchouli oil using supercritical
carbon dioxide. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 297, 126661.
52.
Michalak, M.
Plant-derived antioxidants: Significance in skin health and the Ageing Process.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 8–12.
53.
Zhang, X.; Guo, Y.;
Guo, L.; Jiang, H.; Ji, Q.; In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and
antimicrobial activities of melaleuca alternifolia essential oil. BioMed Res.
Int. 2018.
54.
Jopke, K.; Sanders, H.;
White-Traut, R. Use of essential oils following traumatic burn injury: A case
study. J. Ped. Nurs. 2017, 34, 72–77.
55.
Aisyah, Y.; Yunita, D.;
Amanda, A. Antimicrobial activity of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth) citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), and nutmeg (Myristica
fragrans) essential oil and their mixtures against pathogenic and food
spoilage microbes. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 2021, 667.
56.
Yang, X.; Zhang, X.;
Yang, S.P.; Liu, W.Q. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of patchouli
oil. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. IJPR, 2013, 12, 307.
57.
Hussain, A.I.; Anwar,
F.; Nigam, P.S.; et al., Antibacterial activity of some Lamiaceae essential
oils using resazurin as an indicator of cell growth. Lwt. 2011, 44, 1199–1206.
58.
El-Zaiat, H.M.,
Abdalla, A.L., Potentials of Patchouli (Pogostemon
cablin) essential oil on ruminal methanogenesis, feed degradability, and
enzyme activities in vitro. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 30220–30228.
59.
Nadeem,
F.; Azeem, M.W.; Jilani, M.I. Isolation of bioactive compounds from essential
oils-A comprehensive review. Ijcbs, 2017, 12, 75–85.
60.
Santos, L.L.; Brandão,
L.B.; Martins, R.L. et al., Evaluation of the larvicidal potential of the
essential oil Pogostemon cablin
(Blanco) benth in the control of Aedes
aegypti. Pharmaceuticals, 2019, 12.
61.
Dhande, S.; Dongare,
P.P.; et al., Antihepatotoxic potential of Cucumis
sativus and Pogostemon patchouli
against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. Academia. Edu. 2013, 3.
62.
Li, F.; Li, C.J.; Ma,
J. et al., Four new sesquiterpenes from the stems of Pogostemon cablin. Fitoterapia, 2013, 86, 183–187.
63.
Sufriadi, E., Meilina,
H., Munawar, A.A. Idroes, R. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
analysis of Patchouli essential oils based on different geographical area in
Aceh. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 2021, 1087, 012067.
64.
Xie, B.; Wu, X.F.; Luo,
H.T. et al., Chemical profiling and quality evaluation of Pogostemon cablin Benth by liquid chromatography tandem mass
spectrometry combined with multivariate statistical analysis. J. Pharm. Biomed.
Anal. 2022, 209, 114526.
65.
He, H.; Xie, X.; Zhang,
J.; et al., Patchouli alcohol ameliorates depression-like behaviors through
inhibiting NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation in male stress-exposed mice. J.
Aff. Disor. 2023, 326, 120–131.
66.
Rifai, A.F.; Soekamto,
N.H. Purification and analysis of patchouli alcohol from patchouli oil by
vacuum fractionation distillation. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2019, 1341.
67. Xu, Q.Q.; Su, Z.R.; Yang, W.; Zhong, M.; Xian, Y.F.; Lin, Z.X.; Patchouli alcohol attenuates the cognitive deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease via modulating neuropathology and gut microbiota through suppressing C/EBPβ/AEP pathway. J. Neuroinflamm. 2023, 20, 1–27.
This work is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution
4.0
License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Abstract
Patchouli is a major herb that
is widely used in the pharmaceutical and fragrance sectors. It is used in
traditional medical practices to treat a variety of ailments, including
influenza, headaches, a high fever, gastrointestinal discomfort, vomiting,
diarrhea, and insect and snake bites. Within aromatherapy, patchouli oil is
used to increase sexual desire and to lower stress, despair, and nervous
tension. Patchouli oil is still often extracted using conventional techniques
that require a lot of time and solvents. Previous investigations served as the
basis for this study, which compared the process of extraction of patchouli oil
using the techniques of microwave-assisted hydro-distillation and
hydro-distillation. Comparisons were made on the basis of extraction time,
power, solvents, and the final yield of oil. From these comparisons, we
conclude that microwave-assisted hydro-distillation is a suitable method as a
new green technology because it requires a shorter extraction time, a small
amount of solvents, a small amount of energy, a high oil yield, a low cost, and
is environmentally friendly.
Abstract Keywords
Patchouli oil, microwave-assisted
hydro-distillation (MAHD), hydro-distillation (HD), extraction.
This work is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution
4.0
License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Editor-in-Chief
This work is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
License.(CC BY-NC 4.0).